sulla primary sources

Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. Gill. Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. [49] At this meeting, Sulla was told by a Chaldean seer that he would die at the height of his fame and fortune. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. Categories . He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. 719-549-2333. The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. Making of America. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. [96] Rome unsuccessfully defended Delos from an joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. Editor: Paul Halsall. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). Tools for primary source analysis. sulla primary sources. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. They were, however, successful in holding Macedonia, then governed by propraetor Gaius Sentius and his legate Quintus Bruttius Sura. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. By. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. 101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the, 90-89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as, Holds the consulship for the first time, with, 87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King, 85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation, 83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government, 83-82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna, 82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate, 80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history.

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