Cotton wool prevents contact of the soda lime with the organisms. Number of Lab Report. 24 0 obj <> endobj Animals should be returned promptly to their natural environment or a suitable holding tank after exposure to the choice chamber. Choice Chamber Summary Device used to investigate preferred habitats. Where your school has an environmental area, placing pieces of wood, bark or stone on the soil will encourage colonisation by woodlice. Your rating is required to reflect your happiness. Casco Viejo Real Estate, Woodlice display negative phototaxis, preferring dark as well as damp environments as seen in the woodlice choice chamber experiment. This allows for the humidity to be controlled in each section. What should he do? Explain the statistical test and analyse the data, possibly in the next lesson. The cover of the choice chamber is obscured to create dark conditions. Woodlice may look like a type of millipede or beetle, but they are in fact related to crabs and other crustaceans! A pencil is spun to find a random direction. Developing an understanding of the statistical tests used to establish the significance level of the result of choice chamber investigations also requires an understanding of a null hypothesis. 34 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[20 34]/Info 19 0 R/Length 83/Prev 114739/Root 21 0 R/Size 54/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Woodlice choice chamber experiment control. 1 Advance preparation: Set up a choice chamber about 30 minutes to 1 hour before observations are to take place. It could be interesting to establish which preference is stronger dark or damp. 69 0 obj <>stream Using a respirometer to measure the rate of uptake of oxygen. 5. Silica gel beads can simulate a dry area because they absorb moisture from the air, while wet cotton in another compartment can replicate damp conditions. These structures allow us to know what environmental conditions animals prefer when looking for suitable habitats. Woodlice usually show a preference for a damp environment. Do woodlice prefer the dark or the light? They have no waterproof waxy cuticle on their exo-skeleton and are therefore more likely to suffer it is seen that woodlice move directly to the dark side of the choice chamber. This will provide a source of material for observation as well as extending the range of microhabitats in the area. In dark environments, a woodlice is less likely to fall prey to predators or dehydrate. It can be observed and measured, and experiments can be designed to test how it works. Woodlice change their movement pattern when responding to stimuli such as temperature or food sources in their environment, it is therefore easy to recreate their ideal habitat to observe their behaviour due to them being tiny minibeasts! Place a drying agent such as anhydrous calcium chloride, or self-indicating silica gel, in the other half. Unlike taxis, a kinesis response does not involve changing the direction of movement according to a stimulus direction but instead changing the organisms speed of movement and the rate of direction change. (2) 1. ! 53 0 obj <>stream y&U|ibGxV&JDp=CU9bevyG m& The living organism that we chose to study were woodlice as they are easy to find. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. An animals preference over light/dark and dry/damp areas can be checked using these structures because these conditions are easy to replicate in an artificial setting, like a choice chamber. I have a little area in my garden where my compost bins are too encourage things such as woodlice so I can easily find some so will definitely do this when we get to the letter W. thanks for sharing. Add a lump of cuttlefish or chalk (natural, not blackboard chalk) to the soil to provide a supply of calcium carbonate. They prefer these as it allows them to hide from predators and prevent water loss through their skin. For each environment (dry or humid) calculate the mean speed of the animal (in cm per second or metres per second), and the mean number of turns made per metre travelled. of the users don't pass the Woodlice Choice Chamber Experiment quiz! In this type of experiment an animal is placed in the middle of a choice chamber with two alternatives to either side. The purpose of this activity is to investigate how woodlice respond to stimuli, in this case: light. Why do Woodlouse prefer dark environments? 12. Very cool experiment! Another example is the variation in moisture of the filter paper in experiment 3 or 4. 10. Woodlice Choice Chamber Experiment Method If you ally need such a referred Woodlice Choice Chamber Experiment Method book that will give you worth, get the utterly best seller from us currently from several preferred authors. the conditions (e.g light and warm or dark and damp) c How do individual Tribolium or woodlice respond to humidity? S (b) Woodlice are small animals. Choice chambers are an investigative method used to study animal behaviour and to determine the favoured conditions for a habitat. These structures allow us to know what environmental conditions animals prefer when looking for suitable habitats. concepts and processes. Discover the latest study tips, tech and tools to help you study smarter, 96% of learners report x2 faster learning. Why do woodlice prefer dark damp environments? Animals like woodlice are placed in these structures, and their behaviour is assessed by analysing their movement through these compartments. Pool the class results as before. In orthokinetic responses, the rate of movement depends on the intensity of the stimulus. And most of those who went through that anti-litter campaign do all we can to comply by getting rid of our garbage in the proper places and teaching our children to do the same. Add your woodlice and over time see which side they prefer over time (about 5 minutes to let them acclimatise to their surroundings). Any small motile organism can be stimulated by different environmental conditions, and their movement response is analysed using this method. Tribolium castaneum (the red rust flour beetle) is commonly used in the laboratory. Run the investigation and collect the data. You can rear them easily in a jar of wholemeal flour. %%EOF The compartment with the highest number of animals likely simulates that animals most desirable condition in the wild for that particular environmental factor. Leave for 5 minutes to equilibrate. Woodlice may look like a type of millipede or beetle, but they are in fact related to crabs and other crustaceans! https://szjyhy.com/hdueunk/2017/10/09/auditor-general-report-2012-malaysia-pargo/. Put a cross on the trace at 10-second intervals. Woodlice display negative phototaxis, which means they prefer the dark. C/WChoice Chambers6-Jun-14 Aims:- 4 set-up a fair test, and record results 5 make a conclusion from your results 6 say how the conclusion is limited Practical - 30 mins Prepare a choice chamber that has four sections: Wet and light Wet and dark Dry and light Dry and dark Add several woodlice Draw your set-up then . Rotate the upper part containing the animals through 180 and leave for 10 minutes before recording positions again. h$_%/Eh@$N /Zd f7oUX`O7ws;[p8~uS*Ty*G;ha]R1S?j6N\hF1ja-M?o|}t_~/~7o.olo y/~Ku~_ov:?{qS8}3-h~oW_~oX|x_~orOCmw~7loO_N=}mxO7>_4:f;_}Gx;`~qWWoJ!}>~S?=5_ ?=y{Sj/~g{^*zUj1o~gw}k_j#QUvn|lXz9gmq;=SlmA:G;DCd/yJ&e~m. You can clone a snippet to your computer for local editing. . This adaptation happens through responses to external and internal stimuli and ensures homeostasis. Choice chambers are artificial structures used to investigate animal behaviour. woodlice chamber remains in the same spot. Animals like woodlice are placed in these structures, and their behaviour is assessed by analysing their movement through these compartments. 4.0 - (4 reviews) 2 : 0 : 2 : 0 : 0 : About The Virginian Review. If so, the null hypothesis is disproved. The choice chamber should offer woodlice two environments; damp or dry. hTPn Animal behaviours in choice chambers may show directional responses (movement directly towards or away from particular stimuli), or may show behaviours such as increasing speed and increase in turning rate. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. results. An experiment lesson suitable for primary science or older that can be adapted or changed to use with maggots as well. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. The Virginian Review can be contacted via phone at (540) 962-2121 for pricing, hours and directions. Woodlice display negative phototaxis, preferring dark as well as damp environments as seen in the woodlice choice chamber experiment. Repeat with other individuals, ensuring that none is used more than once, and they are started alternately on the dry and humid sides of the chamber. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Woodlice prefer damp areas because they lose water content from their bodies in dry conditions. https://aitais.com/mcunwhp/2017/10/09/operator-manual-for-troy-bilt-horse-tiller/, http://telegra.ph/China-guide-heinrich-hutschenreuther-identification-rosenthal-10-09. Choice chambers are artificial man-made structures divided into compartments that present different stimuli in each division and are used to investigate how that affects animal behavior. 3 Choice chambers: Perspex choice chambers are available from Griffin Education, priced around 50, and many schools will have them. Explain. Woodlice prefer damp areas because they lose water content from their bodies in dry conditions. This is the first time Ive heard the term woodlice. Set up an enclosed environment and divide it into interlinked compartments. A motile organism refers to an organism that can move around its environment. A semicircular hole with a radius of 1 cm was cut on each side of chambers A and B, to connect corridor C. A total of 600 males and 600 females were used in the experiment, of which 300 males and 300 females were used to measure aggregation behavior and the . How did Please be sure to return the insects to the place you found them. Silica gel beads or any other drying agent that removes moisture from the air can create a dry atmosphere. Woodlice Choice Chamber Experiment - Key takeaways Kinesis and taxis are two types of simple movement responses by motile organisms to various environmental stimuli like temperature, light, or humidity. The children are in groups of four. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. b How do groups of Tribolium or woodlice respond to a humidity gradient? Are there positive or negative kineses responses? Y+|EC|TO9P{nwWRM~z}sZ V577NB8PUw: U_ [i*'{D&(.u,e6c>[[KTw8l 0 qTj Copyright 2022 Science Sparks - Wild Sparks Enterprises Ltd. For example, a null hypothesis might state 'Woodlice show an equal preference for damp and dry areas in the choice chamber'. Tribolium usually show a preference for the dry environment. Choice chambers are artificial structures used to investigate animal behaviour. endstream endobj 29 0 obj <>stream Nuffield Practical Work for Learning: Argumentation Woodlice habitats Student sheet 4 Analyse the results. A collection of experiments that demonstrate biological concepts and processes. 1. The full lab report for the AQA required practical 10: Investigation into the effect of an environmental variable on the movement of an animal using a choice chamber. Place it in a relatively cool and sheltered place out of direct sunlight. However, an empty control chamber must always be present to ensure that the stimuli influence animals movements and that woodlice are evenly distributed in an empty chamber. 4.1. dry and light damp and light dry and dark View from above damp and dark Fig. A taxis is a simple type of movement response by a motile organism. . A woodlices preference for certain habitat conditions reflects in their choice of chamber division that most resembles their ideal natural environment. Various aspects of their distribution, including the influence of soil pH are discussed. Choice Chambers animal behaviour investigation! Cover the chamber to exclude light as before, and record the distribution of the animals after 10 minutes. Record how many woodlice are in each quadrant. Since the woodlouse survive on land and not water, they must always be in a moist environment. The beetles should move in random directions. Put a variety of stones, bark and rotting wood on the soil for the woodlice to live in. Either species of Tribolium is suitable for these investigations. How did we carry out our experiment? The choice chamber has been left to equilibrate (to allow conditions to become stable) before introducing the woodlice. registered in England (Company No 02017289) with its registered office at Building 3, However, the results of these observations may be inconclusive, because the beetles movements are restricted by the sides of the chamber which force turns. Our customer service team will review your report and will be in touch. Alternative method using colorimeter: Conclusions: Biology practicals apparatus set-up guides. Fig. A stoppered hole in the centre of the cover is best for introducing organisms to the chamber. The same can be achieved for light stimulation simply by covering part of the dish from any light source, thus creating a dark compartment within the chamber. Woodlice display negative phototaxis, which means they prefer the dark. We can use a ___ to see what conditions the woodlice prefer to live in. Practical work is at the heart of biology, so we have placed it at the heart of this specification. Both taxis and kinesis are interlinked behavioural responses, they respond to stimulus and are found in living motile organisms like animals and insects. Aquamax 205 Specifications, Kinesis and taxis are behavioral mechanisms relating to stimulus and movement in animals, including pillbugs. Simple behaviour such as movement can help us understand what influences or controls animal behaviour. other, (thigmokinesis), and a ttraction to dark places (negative . . These stimuli lead to random movement responses from woodlice seeking better environmental temperature and humidity conditions to increase their survival chances. 2 Position a lamp so that it illuminates the choice chamber and both sides are brightly lit. Water can be lost from their bodies via transpiration leaving them very vulnerable to desiccation Anselme, 2013. The woodlice can be dropped gently into the chamber using the hole in the lid so that they fall into the centre of the choice chamber; Record the position of the woodlice in each choice chamber after 15 minutes. Includes introductory and explanatory videos, fact sheet and worksheet lesson plan (x 2 differentiated). maggots choice chamber experiment results, maggots response to light experiment results, woodlice light and dark experiment results, what conditions do woodlice prefer to live in, woodlice behaviour towards light and darkness. Download student sheet Using a choice chamber (62 KB) with questions and answers. Operation Choice chambers are used in biology lessons to see which habitat conditions specific animals prefer. If you need to lift the lid, you just have to wait a little longer for a new equilibrium to establish. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. Choice chambers and mazes are often used in these experiments and woodlice and maggots are commonly the model animals A scientist called J. Cloudsley-Thompson carried out the first experiments on woodlouse behaviour One of his experiments focused on the response of woodlouse to humidity Explanations by experts to help you learn. For instance, woodlice display negative phototaxis, moving away from light sources and preferring dark environments. Silica gel does not dehydrate an atmosphere as quickly as calcium chloride, but is less hazardous to manage in small quantities. Add food at intervals: plant material such as potato, carrot and other root vegetables cut up into medium-sized pieces. Also includes an assessment rubric that can be adapted to your curriculum objectives and an alternative lesson on woodlice . This could be a subject for further investigation. 28 Mar 2013 Using the tweezers, place the woodlice on the center chamber. These small and abundant creatures (they live everywhere except for Antarctica) are ideal for observing animal movement using techniques such as the choice chamber experiment. Ensure at Results. HUn@}WRK) %PDF-1.6 % In roots of tomatoes, high concentrations of IAA inhibit cell elongation. This supports ethical approaches in field work, where animals are returned to their habitat after observations have been made. The damp area will be made damp via tap water as woodlice are sensitive to pH (Souty-Grosset et al, 2005). \n'8 {GGG @* %X,45caq}W(0_uH9h\ ]*A ) This keeps the woodlice at a safe distance from the water and drying agent. Report this resourceto let us know if it violates our terms and conditions. You can use any container as long as you don't mind woodlice in it! Prevents desiccation and helps woodlice hiding, Taxes are the same as Tropisms responses. Evidence/data - The Observations A Jan 10th, 2022 This experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between the variation of traits and the natural selection and the hypothesis of this experiment was that the predator preying on the woodlice determine the speed of woodlice . leaf litter. Contact Info (540) 962-2121; 6. All these behavioural strategies will increase the chances of woodlice or any other animal spending more time in favourable conditions (damp and mild temperature) than unfavourable ones (dry, extreme temperatures). The animals, like woodlice, are then dropped in the structure and start moving around. Positive taxes are movement responses ______ stimuli and negative taxes are movement responses ______from stimuli. two sides of the choice chamber and seemed to perform various movements with its . example, wash your hands after handling. Woodlouse are similar to those animals because they have gills and need water to breathe. All living beings must constantly adjust to their environment to survive. hbbd```b`` "?iw,f3A $c@d"0 hbJF/0 F. May 2009. Divide each choice chamber into two sections. In a kinesis type response, when an organism senses that it has temporarily entered a more unfavourable location, it will increase its speed and rate of turning to exit the space. Woodlice are easy to find in nature and can be used to display taxis and kinesis-type responses to different stimuli. for their favorite books similar to this Woodlice Choice Chamber Experiment Method , but stop happening in harmful downloads. . June 22nd, 2018 - Using A Choice Chamber To Investigate Animal Responses Method Set Up The Choice Chamber So That Do The Woodlice Tend To Go Repeat The Experiment' 'choice chamber experiments to test the pdf download august 31st, 2007 - choice chamber experiments to test the attraction of postflexion rhabdosargus holubi larvae to water Dark and moist Dark and dry Light and moist . Add a fixed volume of distilled water to one side and a fixed volume of drying agent to the other. 4. The higher speed increases the chance of the woodlice exiting the unfavourable area more quickly to another area where the temperature is more favourable and in optimal living range. Taxis is when an animal moves toward or away from a stimulus. A kinesis is a distinct type of behavioural response from a motile organism. Download >> Download Woodlice experiment conclusion example concepts and processes. Since woodlice are highly attracted to solid objects, and thus, to each other. These responses ensure that these organisms seek and move towards areas in their habitat with more favourable conditions. The lamp should be shining at a shallow angle along the tray. : Woodlice belong to the biological class crustacea. A kinesis is a distinct type of behavioural response from a motile organism. Woodlice are often used in these experiments because they are easy to find in nature and can be used to display taxis and kinesis-type responses to different stimuli. Then bring the container and contents indoors to prevent further colonisation. 0 2: Woodlice kinesis response to humidity conditions. The woodlice will be introduced into choice chambers which are half damp and half dry and allocated a period of time before counting how many have settled in each area. 277981, Incorporated by Royal Charter, Investigating turn alternation behaviour of woodlice, Using a choice chamber to investigate animal responses to stimuli. In a tropism response, plants can only change the direction of their growth either towards or opposite the direction of the stimulus because plants cant move. However, an empty control chamber must always be present to ensure that the stimuli influence animals movements and that woodlice are evenly distributed in an empty chamber. This is usually repeated for about five minutes. Woodlice (also known as slaters) are crustaceans, like crabs and shrimps, and therefore breathe through gills. It is possible to replicate several different combinations of compartments in a choice chamber depending on which environmental factors and how many are being assessed. Using a lux meter, measure the light intensity of each chamber by placing the meter under the lid of the chamber. Shrimp and lobster. on the second day of each experiment, 27% of marked woodlice and 26% of unmarked animals (N = 802) selected the drier half of the choice chamber. 11. The difference of 93.94cm between the two temperatures for the Slaters movement is a significant difference. An increased rate of turning on entering a humid environment would increase an animals chance of re-entering a drier area. When moving from a damp area to a dry one, woodlice moves faster and changes direction more often to return to a damp area. Set up a choice chamber with wet cotton wool on the base. For instance, woodlice display negative phototaxis, moving away from light sources and preferring dark environments. Woodlice. If you do not maintain a colony of woodlice in the laboratory, collect woodlice from an outdoor environment, keep for a short period and return them to their source as soon as possible. hVnI~"}Ia7#! c06vF:]}tiNp{K"BCfhC,%N#I'g8*K $1j"5"{KXiG)fE_fAT|k6_e8s^ The type of taxis is defined according to its originating stimulus. Includes introductory and explanatory videos, fact sheet and worksheet lesson plan (x 2 differentiated). 20 0 obj <> endobj 2. The same happens when woodlice encounter a dry environment. 6. Place the lid or cover on top of the platform. . They change their movement pattern when responding to stimuli such as temperature or food sources in their environment. Keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. May 2009. . Evidence/data - The Observations A Jan 10th, 2022 Count and record the number of woodlice in each area of the choice chamber for each trial Calculate the total number of woodlice and the average for each area. 4. and more. Process your data and draw a graph of your processed data. . Use a soft brush (i.e. If kept outdoors, such an environment will often be colonised by woodlice naturally. Another interesting difference between taxis and kinesis is that with: Woodlice are crustaceans often used as examples when investigating animal movement responses. In taxis, however, a motile organism can move away from unfavourable stimuli (negative taxis) or towards a favourable stimulus (positive taxis). I will have to try it with the mini mes though too x. Thats so cool! Woodlouse display thigmokinesis, which is a movement response or lack thereof to contact stimuli. . Another example is the variation in moisture of the filter paper in A choice chamber allows you to change conditions in different parts of a container while keeping the animals under investigation out of direct contact with any chemicals used. . Science Sparks ( Wild Sparks Enterprises Ltd ) are not liable for the actions of activity of any person who uses the information in this resource or in any of the suggested further resources. Something went wrong, please try again later. 0a1n HYPOTHESIS Woodlice prefer dark, damp and warm surroundings to light, dry and cold environments, by setting up a choice chamber with all of the available conditions within, I will determine that woodlice do prefer a wetter, darker environment to a lighter, drier one. April 9, 2012 By Emma Vanstone 11 Comments. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. Algae that move towards the light to perform photosynthesis more effectively have a bigger chance of survival. Observing earthworm locomotion; Practical Work for Learning . These stimuli lead to random movement responses from woodlice seeking better environmental temperature and humidity conditions to increase their survival chances. This quiz is all about one simple experiment. why do woodlice prefer damp and dark conditions why do woodlice prefer damp and dark conditions Set up the choice chamber as shown in the diagram Light source Black paper Hole in lid Moist filter paper 2. We assign one team to each chamber and the two teams start by conducting the same experiment. These small and abundant creatures (they live everywhere except for Antarctica) are ideal for observing animal movement using techniques such as the choice chamber experiment.All living beings constantly adjust to their environment to survive. The Virginian Review is located at 128 S Maple Ave in Covington, Virginia 24426. However, if the organism continues in such adverse surroundings, it will decrease its turning rate (direction change); thus, moving in long straight lines and increasing the chances of reaching a more suitable environment, where the temperature might be milder. It looks at one type of minibeast. Woodlice are often used in these experiments because they are easy to find in nature and can be used to display taxis and kinesis-type responses to different stimuli. . Place one beetle or woodlouse in the chamber, start a stopclock and map the animal's movements by tracing on the lid with a suitable felt pen or wax pencil. Speed and rate of direction turn increase, Woodlice display positive phototaxis. Rainbow Springs Hoa Rules, If the adjacent area is preferred, the animal reacts by reducing speed of movement and turning rate so it is more likely to stay in the preferred conditions. Home Science Experiments for Kids Biology Choice Chambers animal behaviour investigation! repeated the experiment to obtain data for 100 woodlice . Most of the animals %PDF-1.5 % Although they are simple organisms which may not 'suffer' in the same way as higher animals, they still deserve respect. Everything you need for your studies in one place. Fk0~Z,P EmE{l:#089'&fsH{N;[ 'G`r~A~dU3>0AwpZ,f|[qXTjF;.!El9 Is Nick From 7up Still Alive, If this does not happen, or the animals are intended for use in choice-chamber work, it is worth seeding it with individuals of the same species the animals should look the same! Woodlice are closely related to ___ rather than insects. Sign up to highlight and take notes. Woodlice experiment conclusion example.md, Download Woodlice experiment conclusion example. Cover to exclude light from part or all of the choice chamber, Sample of food for the invertebrate (optional), Beaker, 100 cm3 (or specimen tube or Petri dish) to collect woodlice or other small invertebrates, Pooter if available, with disposable or sterilisable mouthpiece, Artist's brush, small with soft bristles, to manipulate the invertebrates, Solvent and cloth to clean pen/ pencil marks off the choice chamber (Note 5), Examples of invertebrates (Notes 1 and 2). In kineses responses what of the following happens? There are a variety of different voluntary or automatic responses that can be had when reacting to various stimuli. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. I go through how to plan and write up the practical as well as exam questions and answers linked to the experiment.For past paper questions linked to this topic click these links.https://missestruch.co.uk/Any questions or feedback please comment below :) Don't forget to subscribe.Recommended Revision and textbooks:A-levelAQA A-level Biology textbook (this is what I use at my school)- OUP https://amzn.to/2MWiFvYCGP revision guide https://amzn.to/36B26h7CGP workbook https://amzn.to/39A55YZMaths skills for A-level Biology https://amzn.to/37GaHPISynoptic essay book https://amzn.to/2ukHQ4YAQA A-level biology practical skills guide https://amzn.to/2FkUSSnA-level Year 1 workbook https://amzn.to/36s8EhEA-level Year 2 workbook https://amzn.to/2QqpmIYGCSEAQA GCSE Biology (the book I use with students at school) https://amzn.to/2sMjIrmGCSE Biology workbook https://amzn.to/2QnojJJRevision and practice questions https://amzn.to/2tvv1EqPractical skills workbook https://amzn.to/2tzo8lnGear to create videos on my blog:Go Pro Hero 7 for all practical video footage and time lapses https://amzn.to/2tzwg5mSurface Pro Laptop https://amzn.to/37zND4UToshiba 1TB external portable hard drive https://amzn.to/36qPkBtImage creditshttps://www.needpix.com/photo/106589/woodlice-terrestrial-isopods-oniscidea-animals-isopoda-rolling-wood-lice-armadillidium-vulgare-crustaceanshttps://www.needpix.com/photo/1136211/earthworms-the-frogs-perspectivehttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SilicaGel.jpgMusic: Soho - Riot https://youtu.be/2TdSYkyou6YDISCLAIMER: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. Read our standard health & safety guidance. However, an empty control chamber must always be present to ensure that the stimuli influence animals' movements and that woodlice . We decided to investigate whether woodlice, Filter paper (I just used coffee filter paper). Any small motile organism can be stimulated with different environmental conditions, and their movement response is analysed using this method.
Narcissist And Second Marriage,
Barcelona Beach Festival,
Nj Title 40 Police Promotions,
Articles W
woodlice choice chamber experiment conclusion