coping skills for students during covid 19

Gallagher RP. For example, optimism became the strongest predictor of overall well-being and hope emerged as a predictor of engagement, meaning, accomplishment, and physical health during the pandemic. We examined whether the COVID-19 context shaped the efficacy of particular strategies to promote well-being. Each item is rated on an 11-point scale ranging from never (0) to always (10), or not at all (0) to completely (10). Participants reported higher levels of negative emotion and loneliness after the onset of COVID-19, and a decrease in positive emotion. WebCoping During Covid-19. Seligmans multidimensional model integrates both hedonic and eudaimonic views of well-being, and each of the well-being components is seen to have the following three properties: (a) it contributes to well-being, (b) it is pursued for its own sake, and (c) it is defined and measured independently from the other components (Seligman, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111107810, DeWitz, S. J., Woolsey, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. A negative relationship was found between the self-confident approach, seeking social support and the students anxiety levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. The author(s) received no specific funding for this work. Over the past decade, PsyCap has been applied to university student development and mental health. Westers recommends trying some of these techniques to help your child cope with back-to-school anxiety during COVID-19: Validate and listen to any concerns. Instruments The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of College Student Development, 56(8), 872875. WebMaintain adequate nutrition by eating three healthy meals per day; now is a great time to try new recipes! https://doi.org/10.2196/20185, Hunt, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2010). An invitation to participate, which included a link to an informed consent form and the survey, was distributed to all university students at two large U.S. public institutions in the Midwest and the South via campus-wide electronic mailing lists. Among adaptive coping strategies, active coping, positive reframing, and using emotional support mediated the relationship between optimism and overall well-being. Disengagement coping includes responses such as avoidance, denial, and wishful thinking, as well as aspects of emotion-focused coping, because it involves an attempt to escape feelings of distress (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010; de la Fuente et al., 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013, Rabenu, E., Yaniv, E., & Elizur, D. (2017). Assessing college life adjustment of students with disabilities: Application of the PERMA framework. National Library of Medicine Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. A similar application was applied to learning English specifically for midwifery students on Flores Island during the covid-19 pandemic. The coping strategy of positive reframing (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 6. Coefficients of determination for models predicting well-being from PsyCap dimensions ranged from 4% to 28%. The final two pillars are meaning (M), a sense of purpose in life that is derived from something greater than oneself, and accomplishment (A), a persistent drive that helps one progress toward personal goals and provides one with a sense of achievement in life. Webstudents felt a lack of motivation, anxiety, stress, and isolation. https://news.gallup.com/poll/249098/americans-stress-worry-anger-intensified-2018.aspx. Trauma, recovery, and growth: Positive psychological perspectives on posttraumatic stress. Worry and stress fuel record drop in U.S. life satisfaction. * p < .05, ** p < .01. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.373, Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. The questionnaire included items related to age, gender, race/ethnicity, relationship status, education classification, and employment status. COVID-19 is challenging us to be creative in being emotionally close but socially distant. Both courses trained students to respond to chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives incidents. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing, lockdowns, cancelled or limited leisure activities and tutorials and supervision for students taking place digital. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Try mindfulness apps. A total of 806 university students from the United States participated in the study. The findings of this study should be considered in light of certain limitations. Psychological Capital Questionnaire Short Version (PCQ-12) Helpful strategies of coping Further, PsyCap HERO dimensions were negatively correlated to negative emotion and loneliness. Cleveland, WebCoping Strategies Used by Student Nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Literature Review. For the present study, reliability scores were high for four pillarspositive emotion ( = .88), relationships ( = .83), meaning ( = .89), accomplishment ( = .82); high for the subscales of negative emotion ( = .73) and physical health ( = .85); and moderate for the pillar of engagement ( = .65). Or consider trying a new activity that you havent tried before. 2022 Nov 1;19(21):14282. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114282. Research has demonstrated that this exacerbates existing mental health concerns among university students (Klussman et al., 2020). Relationship of Demographic Factors, Psychological Capital, and Coping Strategies With Change in PERMA Elements, Note. WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. Luthans, F., Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. Following the biopsychosocial model of health, the goal of the current study was to predict peoples psychological well-being (PWB) during the initial lockdown phase of the pandemic and to investigate which coping strategies were most common among people with low and high Given the ongoing repercussions of the pandemic, we recommend continued and longitudinal studies on well-being, coping strategies, and PsyCap. The relationship between psychological capital, coping with stress, well-being, and performance. Even something as simple as turning on your webcam during virtual classes can help you and others feel more connected. The uncertainties arising from COVID-19 have added to anticipatory anxiety regarding the future (Ray, 2019; Witters & Harter, 2020). Universities across the country closed for in-person instruction and activities, transitioning to remote learning. Students use of self-blame (mean) and sources of expected support during the COVID-19, MeSH Disclaimer. doi: 10.2196/22817. The coping strategy of active coping (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 4. Get enough sleep. The overall reliability coefficient of well-being items is very high ( = .94). Students are dealing with a variety of social-emotional issues during the COVID-19 pandemic from a lack of basic resources in the home, such as food, a deficit in coping skills, or perhaps a lack of internet access. Partial eta squared was reported as the measure of effect size. Computer Human Behavior, 69, 19. Internalizing and Externalizing Disorder Levels among Adolescents: Data from Poland. It is this balance of positive and negative emotions that contributes to life satisfaction (Diener & Larsen, 1993), and our findings support the notion that fostering particular positive psychological states (PsyCap), as well as engaging in related coping strategies, promotes well-being in the context of this large-scale crisis. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2011.609844, Luthans, F., Avey, J. Structural equation modeling was used to examine whether coping strategies mediate PsyCaps effect on well-being. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 310. Mediator coping strategies. Results indicated that PsyCap affected well-being both directly and indirectly through coping strategies. WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). Physical Activity and Mental Health of Medical Students from Poland and Belarus-Countries with Different Restrictive Approaches during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Luthans, F., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). Experts are projecting increases in depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide in the United States (Wan, 2020). See this image and copyright information in PMC. Studies conducted during the COVID19 pandemic have shown a similar pattern: psychological resilience, coping behaviours and social support safeguard mental health and wellbeing among health care workers who are on the frontlines of the fights against this deadly virus (BlancoDonoso et al., 2021; Chew et al., 2020; Labrague & De los Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Both individual counseling and group-based programming focused on PsyCap and positive coping strategies could support the well-being of university students as they experience ongoing stressors related to the pandemic or as they face other setbacks. Instruments utilized in the study measured psychological capital (Psychological Capital Questionnaire [PCQ-12]; Avey, Avolio et al., 2011), coping (Brief COPE; Carver, 1997), and well-being (PERMA-Profiler; Butler & Kern, 2016). All rights reserved. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 221230. Indirect effects describing pathways from PsyCap factors to PERMA factors through identified coping strategies were tested for mediating roles. Guilford. Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, https://www.immagic.com/eLibrary/ARCHIVES/GENERAL/ACCA_US/A081007G.pdf, Teixeira RJ, Brando T, Dores AR. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004, Avey, J. Pandemic-Related Stress and Other Emotional Difficulties in a Sample of Men and Women Living in Romantic Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic. 44106-7164, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, COVID-19: Our Body, Our Brains, Our Trauma. These feelings are normal. Front. WebCoping with the Crisis As with any difficult situation, each person relies on different coping mechanisms. Multivariate multiple regression was carried out to understand the predictive role of PsyCap on PERMA at two time points (before and during COVID-19). Luthans, K. W., Luthans, B. C., & Palmer, N. F. (2016). Investigating the current state of emotional responses and coping strategies of nurses and college nursing students in Anhui Province found that women showed more severe anxiety and fear than men and COVID-19 is a pressure source with great influence, both for individuals and for the social public groups. Indirect Effect of Psychological Capital on PERMA Factors Through Coping Strategies (Mediators), Note. Control-coping goodness-of-fit and chronic illness: A systematic review of the literature. (F. Luthans et al., 2015, p. 2). Sixty-three percent of the students were employed (n = 384) and the remaining 37% were unemployed (n = 225). A non-empirical research design was adopted for this study. Consider recreating important events once its safe. COVID-19 hastened a trend that was already ongoing before the pandemic outbreak: the progressively increasing use of distance and online teaching and learning, alongside with lectures and classes. Predictors of Students' Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact of Coping Strategies, Sense of Coherence, and Social Support. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. Prior to COVID-19, self-efficacy and optimism were the two major psychological resources that predicted university student well-being. You might have lost funding or your job. Similarly, approach coping strategies such as active coping, positive reframing, and acceptance (Carver, 1997) were resilient strategies to handle pandemic stress whereas using emotional support and planning showed weaker but significant roles. The site is secure. Counselors could help university students benefit from attending to, appreciating, and attaining lifes positives (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009) and from enhancing the strength and frequency of employing positive coping strategies through targeted psychoeducational or counseling interventions. Interestingly, using emotional support also showed a similar mediating link between resilience and PERMA, but not for the factors of loneliness and negative emotion. Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. -. School child wearing face mask during corona virus and flu outbreak. Northwestern University. From the Great Depression to 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, victims of these life-shattering events have had to deal with their present circumstances and were also left with worries about how life and society would be inexorably altered in the future. Avey, J. Soothing the nervous system, by taking care of the body, can help to bring us back to a healthier place. The 14 subscales may be broadly classified into two types of responsesadaptive and problematic (Carver, 1997, p. 98). This situation clearly showed the students' helplessness and difficulties with coping with this new, stressful situation, highlighted in many previous studies. Identify strategies to use to take care of your body, your mind, your spirit, your relationships, your work. Of course, its good to stay informed, especially about whats happening in your area. Cleveland, Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. Try to get in at least one physical activity each day. Get up, go to bed and do your work at the same time every day. (2014). Experimentally analyzing the impact of leader positivity on follower positivity and performance. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. M. (2006). Grieve those losses, then reframe how you think about these life events. Ask your supervisor for help. In January 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, to be a public health emergency of international concern, and the effects continue to be widespread and ongoing. Each subscale is measured by two items and is assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. Cut through misinformation by relying on reputable sources like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization. American Psychological Association. A structural equation model of achievement emotions, coping strategies and engagement-burnout in undergraduate students: A possible underlying mechanism in facets of perfectionism. Babicka-Wirkus A, Kozowski P, Wirkus , Stasiak K. Int J Environ Res Public Health. -, Beiter R, Nash R, McCrady M, Rhoades D, Linscomb M, Clarahan M, et al.. -. BackgroundThe COVID-19 crisis has introduced a variety of stressors, while simultaneously decreasing the availability of strategies to cope with stress. Research Question 2 Mental Health Status and Coping among Portuguese Higher Education Students in the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Academic stress, coping, emotion regulation, affect and psychosomatic symptoms in higher education. The current study investigated the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) with university students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the relationships between PsyCap (F. Luthans et al., 2007), coping strategies, and well-being of university students. Seligmans (2011) PERMA model is one of the most highly regarded models of well-being. Fig 3. Coronavirus Anxiety Workbook. Whether youre a graduate student or an undergrad, youre probably feeling anxious, sad and uncertain. As a flexible learning method, most schools chose In Poland, the transfer to online teaching was announced without prior warning, which Seligman (2011) proposed a theory of well-being stipulating that well-being was not simply the absence of mental illness (Keyes, 2002), but also the presence of five pillars with the acronym of PERMA (Seligman, 2002, 2011). Researchers have recommended coping skills training for university students to modify maladaptive coping strategies and enhance pre-existing adaptive coping styles Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339366. (2012). Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. Int J Environ Res Public Health. The predictive role of PsyCap on well-being at two time points (before and after the onset of COVID-19) was analyzed using multivariate multiple regression (see Table 2). Indeed, optimism and hope each uniquely predict a major proportion of variance of the change in well-being and may together help students to face an uncertain future (M. W. Gallagher & Lopez, 2009). Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 1(2), 5372. This study is qualitative research with a case Field, A. The use of LMS in learning activities can be done anywhere. Current Psychology, 36(4), 875887. Nursing education has moved classes online. The PERMA-Profiler (Butler & Kern, 2016) is a 23-item self-report measure that assesses the level of well-being across five well-being domains (i.e., positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment) and additional subscales that measure negative emotion, loneliness, and physical health. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E, Colditz, J. Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. Bookshelf SAGE. Cronbachs alpha coefficients as a measure of internal consistency of the HERO subscales in the current study were highhope ( = .86), self-efficacy ( = .86), resilience ( = .73), and optimism ( = .83)consistent with the previous studies. Baj-Korpak J, Zaworski K, Szymczuk E, Shpakou A. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Christine Suniti Bhat, PhD, LPC, LSC (OH), is a professor and the interim director of the George E. Hill Center for Counseling & Research at Ohio University. Positive psychologists have asserted that studies of wellness and flourishing are important in understanding adaptive behaviors and the potential for growth from challenging circumstances (Joseph & Linley, 2008; Seligman, 2011). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Aim of the Study and Research Questions Data were collected online in May and June 2020 using Qualtrics after obtaining approval from the IRBs of our respective universities. Students practiced their emerging skills in simulated emergency scenarios. Simon & Schuster. Students substance use (mean) and sources of expected support during the COVID-19 pandemic, Fig 9. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Fig 1. In future, researchers may wish to investigate whether PsyCap predicts longitudinal changes in well-being in the COVID-19 context. Sci Prog. McGonigal, J. Coping with this stress may help you. Several researchers have found that relatively short training in PsyCap interventions, including web-based platforms (Dello Russo & Stoykova, 2015; Demerouti et al., 2011; Ertosun et al., 2015; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012, 2013) have been effective. 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054 The Journal of Education for Business, 87(5), 253259. Coping strategies that predicted change in PERMA were used for mediation analysis. WebCOVID-19 pandemic made a sudden shift of all ages to online learning and distance learning instructions. Northwestern University. Research Question 3 It is important to remember that not everything being said about COVID-19 is accurate. Positive expectancies and mental health: Identifying the unique contributions of hope and optimism. L = Loneliness. Fig 2. There are a number of research-based approaches offered in the field of positive psychology to guide mental health professionals to facilitate development of PsyCap and other important well-being correlates. Selvaraj, P. R., & Bhat, C. S. (2018). * p < .05, ** p < .01. Researchers have also examined the mediating role of PsyCap in the relationship between positive emotion and academic performance (Carmona-Halty et al., 2019; Hazan Liran & Miller, 2019; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012; K. W. Luthans et al., 2016); relationships and predictions between PsyCap and mental health in university students (Selvaraj & Bhat, 2018); and relationships between PsyCap, well-being, and coping (Rabenu et al., 2017). The PCQ-12 utilizes a 6-point Likert scale with response options ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. WebMike T. Docmerit is a great platform to get and share study resources, especially the resource contributed by past students and who have done similar courses. Surgeon General issued an advisory on the nations youth mental health crisis in December 2021. Americans stress, worry and anger intensified in 2018. As a result, they had to adopt different coping strategies to overcome the predicament that they were trapped in. Torinomi C, Lindenberg K, Mltner A, Herpertz SC, Holm-Hadulla RM. (1993). Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. (2011). Self-efficacy was a consistent predictor of PERMA elements before COVID-19. Support expected during the pandemic:. Point-biserial correlation Atria Books. Perhaps youre juggling your childrens educational needs as well as your own. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1916, Primack, B. Psychol. The financial crisis and the well-being of Americans: 2011 OEP Hicks lecture. And there are ways to lessen your stress. There are many ways to categorize coping responses (e.g., engagement coping and disengagement coping, problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping, accommodative coping and meaning-focused coping, proactive coping). Stress, coping and gender differences in third year medical students. Mallhi TH, Ahmad N, Salman M, Tanveer N, Shah S, Butt MH, Alatawi AD, Alotaibi NH, Rahman HU, Alzarea AI, Alanazi AS, Alzahrani MS, Alshehri S, Aljabri A, Khan YH. Cluster analysis for strategies of. Psychological capital and beyond. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008. Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92100. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00306, Carver, C. S. (1997). Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. Personality and coping. https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/coronavirus-survey. The role of psychological capital in academic adjustment among university students. Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Instead of worrying about our ambiguous future, focus on solving immediate problems. Find activities that engage different parts of yourself. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000175, Johnson, R. (2020). Fig 1. Consistent with prior research (Avey, Reichard et al., 2011; F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; Youssef-Morgan & Luthans, 2015), we found that PsyCap predicted well-being. 2023 Jan 20;20(3):1921. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20031921. Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure PsyCaps positive psychological resources (HERO dimensions) may enable students to have a positive appraisal of circumstances (F. Luthans et al., 2007, p. 550) by providing mechanisms for reframing and reinterpreting potentially negative or neutral situations. (2013). (Eds.). J Ment Health. With that in mind, it is important to detect individuals at risk of developing depressive symptoms early and identify protective factors. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Journal of Health Management, 16(2), 315326. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197, Klussman, K., Nichols, A. L., Langer, J., & Curtin, N. (2020). The U.S. 2023 Feb 8;20(4):2988. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20042988. Predicting the mental health of college students with psychological capital. COVID-19 and school closures impacted many children and adolescents' mental health and well-being. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e20185. -, Wirkus , Babicka-Wirkus A, Opora R, Stasiak K. Burnout among Probation Officers in Poland and the Role of Preferred Styles of Coping with Stress. Demographic Questionnaire Among the PERMA elements, engagement and physical health were least impacted by COVID-19, whereas students experiences of positive emotion and negative emotion were the factors that were largely affected. Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. After cleaning the data, 197 surveys were excluded from the data analyses. In this context, positive coping strategies and PsyCap may be increasingly valuable assets for university students to address the psychological challenges associated with this pandemic and to maintain or enhance their well-being. University students faced unprecedented challenges and stressors, especially Asian 500 Montgomery Street,Suite 820Alexandria, VA. 22314Phone (703) 684.7722Toll Free (800) 969.6642Fax (703) 684.5968. (2020, April 14). Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 20(1), 5165. Specifically, adaptive coping strategies played a significant role in enhancing the positive effects of PsyCap on well-being. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-06-2015-0091. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6, Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. Changes in PERMA elements were calculated by subtracting PERMA scores reported retrospectively by participants before the pandemic from scores reported at the time of data collection during COVID-19, and a repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to examine the difference. 2023 Feb 3;20(3):2752. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032752. Data Analysis Procedure WebMike T. Docmerit is a great platform to get and share study resources, especially the resource contributed by past students and who have done similar courses. Johnson (2020) indicated that 35% of students reported increased anxiety associated with a move from face-to-face to online learning in the spring 2020 semester, matching the early phases of the COVID-19 outbreak. The impact of COVID-19 on student equity and inclusion: Supporting vulnerable students during school closures and school re-openings 19 November 2020 Abstract A holistic approach to education that addresses students learning, social and emotional needs is crucial, especially in times of crisis. Conversely, when individuals employed problematic coping strategies such as behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997), the negative impacts were much stronger than the positive effect of adaptive coping strategies. Copyright 2023 Mental Health America, Inc. preparing for your wellness during the COVID-19 outbreak, College During COVID: Balancing Academics & Fun, One Love Foundation x Mental Health America, How The Human-Animal Bond Increases Resilience And Empowers Us To Thrive, Managing Video Anxiety During Teletherapy, COVID-19 And Loneliness: When It Seems Like No One Cares, Maintaining Hope In The Face Of Uncertainty, Preparing For The Holidays During COVID-19, Be Kind to Your Mind: Stress Coping Strategies During COVID-19 (Webinar Recording), Facebook Live: Support Animals and COVID-19 Anxiety, Processing Big Changes: Grief And Loss During COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v10i2.855, Lipson, S. K., Lattie, E. G., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). International Journal of Wellbeing, 10(2). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Such a decline in well-being following a pandemic is consistent with previous occurrences of public health crises or natural disasters (Deaton, 2012). Before Given findings of the relationship between PsyCap and well-being in the current study, as well as in prior research (F. Luthans et al., 2006; F. Luthans et al., 2015; McGonigal, 2015), counselors may wish to focus on developing PsyCap to help university students flourish both during the pandemic and in a post-pandemic world. The potentialities of online teaching allowed a didactic continuity that would have been impossible otherwise, and this approach is likely to be https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.46.4.877, Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). This study examined the relationships between psychological capital (PsyCap), coping strategies, and well-being among 609 university students using self-report measures. If family members are distracting you, use I statements to explain the problem--Im worried about my exam next weekand work together to develop solutions. Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. 8600 Rockville Pike Universities across the country closed for in-person instruction and activities, transitioning to remote learning. The age of participants ranged from 18 to 66 (M = 27.36, SD = 9.9). Well-being scores across all PERMA elements, including physical health, were lower than those reported retrospectively prior to the pandemic. Resilience, the ability to recover from setbacks when pathways are blocked (Masten, 2001), had a predictive role on positive emotion and accomplishment in this study. Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. Dont judge yourself; just do the best you can.

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